Sleep Hygiene in Recreational Fitness Individuals
Abstract
Sleep hygiene plays a significant role in individuals' overall health and quality of life. In this context, the study aims to examine the sleep hygiene of individuals engaging in recreational fitness in fitness centers from various socio-demographic perspectives. The research encompasses 534 individuals registered at fitness centers in the city of Konya. Participants' levels of sleep hygiene were measured using the "Sleep Hygiene Index," which is widely used and validated in the literature. The collected data were analyzed using Spearman and Pearson Correlation Tests and One-Way ANOVA tests. Additionally, partial eta squared (ŋ²p) values were calculated to examine the effect sizes of all variables. The study's findings indicate that participants generally have poor sleep hygiene. It was found that demographic variables such as gender and education level did not significantly affect sleep hygiene. However, factors such as fitness history, daily sleep duration, and the preferred time of day for fitness had noticeable impacts on sleep hygiene. Specifically, participants with longer daily sleep durations had better sleep hygiene, and those with a longer fitness history similarly had better sleep hygiene. Participants who preferred to exercise in the evening had higher sleep hygiene scores compared to other groups. These results suggest that not only individuals attending fitness centers but also trainers and coaches should receive training to improve sleep hygiene, potentially enhancing individuals' physical and mental well-being.
Keywords: Sleep, Sleep Hygiene, Recreational Fitness, Fitness Centers
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ali, A., Azam, M., & Mehmood, F. (2020). Prevalence of poor sleep and relationship of physical exercise with sleep among male adult exercisers. Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies, 6(2), 539-545.
https://doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v6i2.1233
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2005). International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual (pp. 148-152).
Baranwal, N., Phoebe, K. Y., & Siegel, N. S. (2023). Sleep physiology, pathophysiology, and sleep hygiene. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 77, 59-69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2023.02.005
Barati, N., & Amini, Z. (2020). The effect of multicomponent sleep hygiene education on sleep quality and mental health in patients suffering from substance abuse. Current Psychology, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01145-w
Brinkman, J. E., Reddy, V., & Sharma, S. (2018). Physiology of sleep.
Buysse, D. J. (2014). Sleep health: Can we define it? Does it matter? Sleep, 37(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3298
Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (13. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
Caddick, Z. A., Gregory, K., Arsintescu, L., & Flynn-Evans, E. E. (2018). A review of the environmental parameters necessary for an optimal sleep environment. Building and Environment, 132, 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.01.020
Cameron, A. F., Perera, N., & Fulcher, M. (2021). Professional athletes have poorer sleep quality and sleep hygiene compared with an age-matched cohort. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 31(6), 488-493. 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000795
Chennaoui, M., Vanneau, T., Trignol, A., et al. (2021). How does sleep help recovery from exercise-induced muscle injuries? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(10), 982-987. 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.05.007
Chow, C. M. (2022). Sleep hygiene practices: Where to now? Hygiene, 2(3), 146-151. https://doi.org/10.3390/hygiene2030013
Coel, R. A., Pujalte, G. G., Applewhite, A. I., Zaslow, T., Cooper, G., Ton, A. N., & Benjamin, H. J. (2023). Sleep and the young athlete. Sports Health, 15(4), 537-546. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381221108732
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
Colten, H. R., & Altevogt, B. M. (2006). Committee on sleep medicine and research. Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: An unmet public health problem.
https://doi.org/10.17226/11617
Cunha, L. A., Costa, J. A., Marques, E. A., Brito, J., Lastella, M., & Figueiredo, P. (2023). The impact of sleep interventions on athletic performance: A systematic review. Sports Medicine-Open, 9(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00599-z
Çayköylü, A., Uğurlu, G. K., Uğurlu, M., Akıncı, M. B., Gaygusuz, D. I., Erol, S., ... & Haydanlı, A. M. (2021). Kanser hastalarında yaşam kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi ve uyku bozukluklarının tedavisinde uyku hijyeni ve psikopatolojinin yeri. https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1036518
De Zambotti, M., Cellini, N., Goldstone, A., Colrain, I. M., & Baker, F. C. (2019). Wearable sleep technology in clinical and research settings. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 51(7), 1538. 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001947
Doğan, C. (2015). Training at the gym, training for life: Creating better versions of the self through exercise. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 11(3), 442. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i3.951
Doğan, M., & Ünal, Y. B. (2024). The relationship between leisure involvement, flow experience, and life satisfaction levels of fitness center members. Journal of Education and Recreation Patterns, 5(1), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.53016/jerp.v5i1.229
Driller, M. W., Lastella, M., & Sharp, A. P. (2019). Individualized sleep education improves subjective and objective sleep indices in elite cricket athletes: A pilot study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(17), 2021-2025. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1616900
Dubinina, E., Korostovtseva, L. S., Rotar, O., Amelina, V., Boyarinova, M., Bochkarev, M., ... & Shlyakhto, E. (2021). Physical activity is associated with sleep quality: Results of the ESSE-RF epidemiological study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 705212. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705212
Eberle, U., Fritsche, U. R., Hayn, D., Empacher, C., Simshäuser, U., Rehaag, R., & Waskow, F. (2004). Umwelt-ernährung-gesundheit: Beschreibung der dynamiken des gesellschaftlichen handlungsfeldes. Diskussionspapier des BMBF-Projektes Ernährungswende, 1.
Fabbri, M., Beracci, A., Martoni, M., Meneo, D., Tonetti, L., & Natale, V. (2021). Measuring subjective sleep quality: A review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031082
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (Vol. 7, p. 429). McGraw-Hill.
Galland, B. C., Gray, A. R., Penno, J., Smith, C., Lobb, C., & Taylor, R. W. (2017). Gender differences in sleep hygiene practices and sleep quality in New Zealand adolescents aged 15 to 17 years. Sleep Health, 3(2), 77-83. 10.1016/j.sleh.2017.02.001
Ghiasvand, P., & Irandoust, K. (2024). Moving for better sleep: A narrative review of exercise and sleep quality. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health, 7(3), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.intjssh.7.3.4
Glavin, E. E., Matthew, J., & Spaeth, A. M. (2022). Gender differences in the relationship between exercise, sleep, and mood in young adults. Health Education & Behavior, 49(1), 128-140. 10.1177/1090198120986782
Güdül, N., & Yücel, O. (2022). Bireylerin fitness salonlarına gitme nedenleri ve beklentileri. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(1), 23-28.
doi.org/10.54614/JPESS.2022.1053356
Gümüştakım, R. Ş., Kuş, C., & Uzkar, M. (2020). Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinde gündüz uykululuğunun ve uyku hijyeninin değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine, 7. 10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2020.94940
Hall, F. C., & Noonan, R. J. (2023). A qualitative study of how and why gym-based resistance training may benefit women's mental health and wellbeing. Performance Enhancement & Health, 11(3), 100254. doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2023.100254
Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(1), 3-12. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
Jackowska, M., Dockray, S., Hendrickx, H., & Steptoe, A. (2011). Psychosocial factors and sleep efficiency: Discrepancies between subjective and objective evaluations of sleep. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73(9), 810-816. 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182359e77
Karaman, S. (2023). Sporcu sağlığında uyku. İçinde F. F. Çolakoğlu, D. Aras, ve G. Ünver (Ed.), Sporcu sağlığı (s. 259-264). Efe Akademi Yayınları.
Karaman, S., Kayhan, A., Can, Ü., & Kara, İ. (2024). Investigation of the relationship between body appreciation and sleep quality. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 26(1), 100-106. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1391864
Kayhan, B., Demirel, M., & Kayhan, A. (2024). Leisure Attitudes of Individuals Engaging in Exercise: An Examination in Fitness Centers . Sportive, 7(2), 382-396. doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1524715
Khair, K., Holland, M., Dodgson, S., McLaughlin, P., Fletcher, S., & Christie, D. (2021). Fitness enhances psychosocial well-being and self-confidence in young men with hemophilia: Results from Project GYM. Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 5(8), e12622. 10.1002/rth2.12622
Klaber, M. (2010). Doping im Fitness-Studio: Die Sucht nach dem perfekten Körper. Transcript Verlag.
Krishnan, V., & Collop, N. A. (2006). Gender differences in sleep disorders. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 12(6), 383-389. 10.1097/01.mcp.0000245705.69440.6a
Krystal, A. D., & Edinger, J. D. (2008). Measuring sleep quality. Sleep Medicine, 9(S1), S10-S17. 10.1016/S1389-9457(08)70011-X
Lim, D. C., Najafi, A., Afifi, L., Bassetti, C. L., Buysse, D. J., Han, F., ... & Jackson, C. L. (2023). The need to promote sleep health in public health agendas across the globe. The Lancet Public Health, 8(10), e820-e826. 10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00182-2
Milewski, M. D., Skaggs, D. L., Bishop, G. A., Pace, J. L., Ibrahim, D. A., Wren, T. A., & Barzdukas, A. (2014). Chronic lack of sleep is associated with increased sports injuries in adolescent athletes. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 34(2), 129-133. 10.1097/BPO.0000000000000151
Molu, B., Keskin, A. Y., & Baş, M. T. (2021). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin kronotipine göre uyku hijyeninin incelenmesi. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine, 8(2), 105-111.
https://doi.org/10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2021.06025
Muz, G., Erdoğan Yüce, G., Yıldırım, C., & Dağdelen, M. (2021). The effect of sleep hygiene training applied to hemodialysis patients on sleep quality and quality of life: Randomized controlled trial. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 19, 227-236.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-020-00293-7
Pace-Schott, E. F., & Spencer, R. M. (2015). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation in healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment. In Sleep, neuronal plasticity and brain function (pp. 307-330). 10.1007/7854_2014_300
Peach, H., Gaultney, J. F., & Gray, D. D. (2016). Sleep hygiene and sleep quality as predictors of positive and negative dimensions of mental health in college students. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), 1168768. doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1168768
Polat, F., & Karasu, F. (2022). Effect of sleep hygiene training given to elderly individuals on daytime sleepiness and fatigue: A randomized controlled trial. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58(4), 2161-2169. 10.1111/ppc.13043
Qin, S., Leong, R. L., Ong, J. L., & Chee, M. W. (2023). Associations between objectively measured sleep parameters and cognition in healthy older adults: A meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 67, 101734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101734
Roveda, E., Vitale, J. A., Bruno, E., Montaruli, A., Pasanisi, P., Villarini, A., ... & Carandente, F. (2017). Protective effect of aerobic physical activity on sleep behavior in breast cancer survivors. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 16(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735416651719
Ruggiero, A. R., Peach, H. D., & Gaultney, J. F. (2019). Association of sleep attitudes with sleep hygiene, duration, and quality: A survey exploration of the moderating effect of age, gender, race, and perceived socioeconomic status. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 7(1), 19-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2019.1567343
Rujnan, T., Çaykara, B., Sağlam, Z., & Pençe, H. H. (2019). Sigara bağımlılarında depresyon, anksiyete, uykululuk ve uyku kalitesi düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4, 609-615. https://doi.org/10.31067/0.2019.212
Seol, J., Fujii, Y., Inoue, T., Kitano, N., Tsunoda, K., & Okura, T. (2021). Effects of morning versus evening home-based exercise on subjective and objective sleep parameters in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 34(3), 232-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988720924709
Siegel, J. M. (2005). Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep. Nature, 437(7063), 1264-1271. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04285
Silva, A. C., Silva, A., Edwards, B. J., Tod, D., Amaral, A. S., de Alcântara Borba, D., ... & de Mello, M. T. (2021). Sleep extension in athletes: What we know so far–A systematic review. Sleep Medicine, 77, 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.028
Simpson, N. S., Gibbs, E. L., & Matheson, G. O. (2017). Optimizing sleep to maximize performance: Implications and recommendations for elite athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(3), 266-274.
https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12703
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed., pp. 497-516). Pearson.
Uebergang, L. K., Arnup, S. J., Hiscock, H., Care, E., & Quach, J. (2017). Sleep problems in the first year of elementary school: The role of sleep hygiene, gender, and socioeconomic status. Sleep Health, 3(3), 142-147. 10.1016/j.sleh.2017.02.006
Üzer, A., & Yücens, B. (2022). Sleeping pills in the treatment of insomnia in older adults with depression: The role of sleep hygiene. Anatolian Clinic the Journal of Medical Sciences, 27(3), 302-309. doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.1126165
Vitale, J. A., La Torre, A., Banfi, G., & Bonato, M. (2019). Acute sleep hygiene strategy improves objective sleep latency following a late-evening soccer-specific training session: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(23), 2711-2719. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1661938
Vitale, K. C., Owens, R., Hopkins, S. R., & Malhotra, A. (2019). Sleep hygiene for optimizing recovery in athletes: Review and recommendations. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(8), 535-543. 10.1055/a-0905-3103
Voinescu, B. I., & Szentagotai-Tatar, A. (2015). Sleep hygiene awareness: Its relation to sleep quality and diurnal preference. Journal of Molecular Psychiatry, 3(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1186/s40303-015-0008-2
Walsh, N. P., Halson, S. L., Sargent, C., Roach, G. D., Nédélec, M., Gupta, L., ... & Samuels, C. H. (2021). Sleep and the athlete: Narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(7), 356-368.
doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102025
Wierzejska, R. E. (2021). Dietary supplements—for whom? The current state of knowledge about the health effects of selected supplement use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 8897. 10.3390/ijerph18178897
Yener, Ö., & Abdulkadir, G. (2007). Population-Sampling issue on social and educational research studies. Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15, 394-422.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53016/jerp.v5i2.248
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
The Journal of Education and Recreation Patterns © 2023 by The Journal of Education and Recreation Patterns is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
